ARTICLES IN GLASS
Friday, March 11, 2011
Pinhole From Pringles
MANUATTI POLICIES 24
NECKLACE NEOLITHIC
ARROW
ARROW
CRAN
PERFORATOR
BECCO RASCHIATOIO
GEOMETRICO
ACHEREAU
BIFACCIALE
CHOPPER 
NECKLACE NEOLITHIC
ARROW
ARROW
CRAN
PERFORATOR
BECCO RASCHIATOIO
GEOMETRICO
ACHEREAU
BIFACCIALE
CHOPPER
Sunday, March 6, 2011
J Hardy.ra Drive Motor
ASCE NEOLITHIC
AXE IN COIL
ASCII QUARZOARENITE
AXE IN LIMESTONE GREY
AXE IN COIL
AXE IN LIMESTONE 
AXE IN COIL
ASCII QUARZOARENITE
AXE IN LIMESTONE GREY
AXE IN COIL
AXE IN LIMESTONE
Wednesday, March 2, 2011
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
My Son's Got Chicken Pox
DIGITAL DERMATITIS
Each farmer has unfortunately got to know this bovine foot disease, since it is an extremely common disease in many Italian and farms still exist in almost all the stalls, where a greater or lesser. The digital dermatitis it is virtually endemic in the intensive farming of cows, much to be known around the world (joy shared is a pain, it was once). Beyond the
but recognize its existence in their herd or that of your neighbor, what really matters to us is to better understand the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence. This will really help us to minimize the unwelcome presence in his barn.
digital dermatitis (DD for friends and from here on DD also for convenience) is a highly contagious infectious disease that can get to infect more than 90% of the herd, in the absence of adequate prevention . This shockingly high percentage is not only a good book on data reported Bovine podiatry, but the real situation in which I personally find myself visiting the stalls of many farmers.
So, what is it specifically? The DD is an infectious disease, contagious caused by bacteria in soil . Which bacteria? Does not really matter. It is in fact a mix, a bell'intruglio of various bacteria in the soil where the cows just keep feet for most of the time. It is not particularly dangerous and aggressive bacteria if taken one by one or in small groups. But when the amount of these bacteria is very high, when the environmental conditions in which the cows are (in this case the characteristics of the soil) are particularly favorable to bacteria, and when the same foot of the cows are made more susceptible to infection, here when there is a combination of these phenomena (which is not difficult), then it appears the DD.
What exactly happens in the foot of a cow for example, forced to stay for several hours a day in a dirty ground, filled with feces, very wet and maybe even with a mild climate? The first thing that comes to mind: skin maceration. To put it more scientifically superficial keratin layer (the one that defends the body from all that lies outside of it) is fissure, opening the doors at the entrance of microorganisms in depth, the local pH is altered, physical barriers and chemical properties of the skin are not. Across the
rich soil moisture and nutrient content in the stool for bacteria becomes a kind of health club, a real spa. They multiply and prosper, while the feet of cows continue to marinate in the same environment. Now you're done and bacteria have the maximum benefit to make the leap: to live and joy on the feet of cows, finally causing the real DD.
How does the DD to infect more animals? First of all infected animals are exposed to the same environmental conditions, then the same factors that have an ill foot, there are very present and ready to make another ill. But it's not just that. Indeed, when DD hit a cow, this same animal becomes an "incubator" for other living bacteria. Namely the presence of a sick animal in itself increases the bacterial load of the soil and therefore increases the likelihood that other animals get sick. More animals get sick, most bacteria are killed (or deposited) in the soil. It then enters a loop self-amplification of the phenomenon.
not just one factor to blow up the DD in the herd: it takes a dirty ground, wet and possibly warm temperature. In particular, in this regard, I have noticed that the best time to see DD in a frightening upsurge of breeding "led" to this disease, both in September and October, when the temperature is not very high but begins to rain. In general, the DD is more likely during periods of little sunshine, possibly characterized by low temperatures and high humidity (as in certain Lombard weeks of winter rain, snow, fog), rather than during the summer for example, when paddoc sono così asciutti da sembrare in terra battuta.
Per quanto riguarda la componente animale, devo dare per assodati tutti quei bei discorsi triti e ritriti circa il fatto che questa malattia, come tutte le malattie, si innesca meglio quando il sistema immunitario è un po' incerto (stress, cattiva alimentazione, ecc.). Tuttavia, a parte questi soliti e ben noti concetti, volevo aggiungere un' osservazione personale. Recentemente sono stato in una stalla con una mandria di circa 60 vacche in produzione di cui 55 erano brune e 5 erano frisone. In questa stalla venivano effettuati sporadicamente i lavaggi podali. Allora: delle 55 bovine di razza bruna soltanto 3 (circa il 5%) avevano una leggera forma di DD. Delle 5 frisone invece, tutte had the DD into a medium or severe. E 'then the Friesian breed more exposed to DD for some genetic characteristic? And 'maybe the brown race, with great hardiness than the Frisian, by its nature to be resistant to DD? One of two things, or maybe both.
However, genetic or not, stress or not ... if you are with your feet all day in a wet mud filled with feces, DD maybe you are well with you.
What happens to cattle suffering from foot DD? We said that initially it is a colonization by various bacteria on the skin more or less macerated and fissured foot. The first thing evident is that the disease is quite painful and causes lameness.
When the lesions are extensive and present for a long time, you can achieve real changes in the shape of the foot and legs.
Sometimes also, when the location is at the front of the foot, dermatitis can seep under the nail resulting in widespread injury, very painful and very difficult to heal.
At these levels the DD is not only "digital", it can affect the whole skin of the foot, including unghielli. The highest
locations, where instead the rest of the foot is healthy enough, are probably due to the fact that water does not reach the tanks to disinfect the area. There is one thing that
I am interested to put your attention. A 'personal observation, however, which until now have not been reflected on any publication. I believe that dermatitis often go to infect lesions such as ulcers and white line disease (sobbattiture) delay or prevent healing. I say this for two reasons. The first is that I have noticed in recent years make it more difficult to heal lesions in stable but relatively clean with a lot of dermatitis than dirtier stalls but were adequate prophylaxis (the bathrooms were routinely podal). Secondly, for the similarity of the lesions in the skin than on live, as well as the fact that often are simultaneously present on the foot ill. This observation is not just an abstract academic disquisition but also has some interesting practical implications. In fact, in these cases applied a bandage to keep in contact with the wound an antibiotic or a disinfectant for several days (3 or 4 days, not weeks!) Helps to heal the injury. Let us remember that "the infection is the main antagonist of the healing of a wound." The principles I use are the same ones that can be used for wound dermatitis tout cort. The
specific treatment of individual cows with antibiotics applied locally is certainly important in the most serious or most difficult to heal. However, view that the explosion may have the DD in the herd, the key to solving the problem is general treatment of all animals . This treatment generally, once the phenomenon of DD in the stall has been resolved or at least content, then became prevention: a routine measure that will have just a little to do with DD. I'm talking about bathrooms podal.
Unfortunately, the confusion about this practice by the Guinness Book of Records for this and I'll try to fix some points.
1) The active baths podal The formalin has always been the first choice because not only is able to prevent the spread of disease but is able to treat injuries already joining this a very affordable price. The problem is that not only is very irritating but also carcinogenic and therefore should be handled with extreme care and only reserved for those who have post-milking in the tank away from the gate to prevent the vapors rising from the feet of cows or may be pushed into the dining-drafts can be harmful to the staff of milking. As for the dilution that is where the errors are concentrated. The corrected concentration is 2% in grams of product on a liter. The solutions are on the market are 24% and then to obtain the appropriate concentration in our tank we have to dilute it 1 / 10 or 1 every 10 liters of product water (10 liters of formalin solution in 100 of water). But I must point out that the formalin allows a few errors: decreasing the concentration quickly loses its effectiveness as well as increasing it too much (twice) there is a risk of burns (though it would be more accurate to say caustic). It is essential therefore to know the exact capacity of the tank (often calculated with an eye to gross errors). This can be determined by taking measurements using baskets or filling of 20/25 liters. A consideration of the tanks it is better to make the permanent structures of concrete curbs maybe two in a necessary step so that the animals become accustomed to their presence, rather those who use removable media. Cows often perceive them as foreign elements and being "cows" do not go there even killing. Often I stop in front of or attempt to jump, slowing down the milking or risk of injury. Regarding the measures the ideal length of the pool should allow the animal to make two steps in the solution (this unfortunately never realized) and should have a height which also cover unghielli.
With regard to the frequency with which to bathe, it also depends from case to case depending on the extent of the problem. An aggressive approach in the presence of so many sick animals can be of two consecutive days of treatment (4 steps milked in the case of 2) by substituting the appropriate disinfectant after the first 2 steps. One approach to maintenance can go down to one day a week or less depending on the response of animals and the climate. It is also to keep in mind that the effectiveness of formalin is affected by temperature: below 15 ° C rapidly lose effectiveness, making it difficult to use in winter.
The copper sulphate on the other hand is not sensitive to temperature but should be used in quantities exceeding (5-7Kg/100litri) and the disinfectant solution should be left almost always renewed, however, every other day. It is also much less effective as more active in the prevention of infection rather than in the care of sick animals. These considerations together with the very high cost of the product limit their use.
Recently, some stalls that I frequent have started using sodium hypochlorite (bleach ). With a solution of 10-15 liters per ton of water for 2 days a week, renewing the solution after two steps have obtained encouraging results although it must be said that they came from a situation with a few sick animals. The interesting thing is certainly very low cost product that combined with its low toxicity makes it easy and inexpensive to use.
There are also many products on the market whose main drawback is the cost higher or lower as farmers never fail to remember. I often hear farmers complaining that the product works a little but when I investigate how they use it to save it I find that using half the dose for half the time required by the instructions. In this case, ensure that throw your money because the product you paid for the work you did not get the results (my grandmother used to say "horns and bat!").
Also on prevention advice to those who always buy new animals to pass them off the foot-washing before placing in the group. Do not forget that we are talking about an infectious disease and as such can be introduced by carrier animals in the barn. I happened Farmers often feel that I wondered how they did it to infect the barn and talking about it turned out that just before the start of the problem had bought animals. Or as the introduction of new leaders there had been an aggravation of the problem (probably because dell'intoduzione of different bacterial strains).
2) therapy on the individual animal . Since
dermatitis superficial disease does not require injections of antibiotics, but responds very well to local therapy. The lesion should be cleaned well, better if rubbed vigorously with a piece of jute bandage clean before (watch out for kicks) so as to expose the diseased area . Normally the blue spray is fine. I prefer spraiare the area two or three times, leaving the product dry in a few seconds passed and the other in order to separate. Set fire to the spray for a few seconds (by closing the can!) Has the sole effect of reducing the drying time but has no therapeutic effect. Do not forget that bacteria are the skin and kill them with heat would burn the animal, thus creating greater damage dermatitis itself. In cases of very large or stubborn I got excellent results with a light dressing to leave at 2 or 3 days. The purpose of the bandage is in fact to keep in contact with the wound disinfectant for longer. The active ingredients that I use are the antibiotic powder and the recently iodoform powder. Both with excellent results (up to 100% of healing) although I find it more convenient to iodoform. It is not an antibiotic so I have no problems with withdrawal periods and is traded freely without prescription. Do not know about you but I got better I'm less paperwork. 
Each farmer has unfortunately got to know this bovine foot disease, since it is an extremely common disease in many Italian and farms still exist in almost all the stalls, where a greater or lesser. The digital dermatitis it is virtually endemic in the intensive farming of cows, much to be known around the world (joy shared is a pain, it was once). Beyond the
but recognize its existence in their herd or that of your neighbor, what really matters to us is to better understand the underlying mechanisms of its occurrence. This will really help us to minimize the unwelcome presence in his barn.
digital dermatitis (DD for friends and from here on DD also for convenience) is a highly contagious infectious disease that can get to infect more than 90% of the herd, in the absence of adequate prevention . This shockingly high percentage is not only a good book on data reported Bovine podiatry, but the real situation in which I personally find myself visiting the stalls of many farmers.
So, what is it specifically? The DD is an infectious disease, contagious caused by bacteria in soil . Which bacteria? Does not really matter. It is in fact a mix, a bell'intruglio of various bacteria in the soil where the cows just keep feet for most of the time. It is not particularly dangerous and aggressive bacteria if taken one by one or in small groups. But when the amount of these bacteria is very high, when the environmental conditions in which the cows are (in this case the characteristics of the soil) are particularly favorable to bacteria, and when the same foot of the cows are made more susceptible to infection, here when there is a combination of these phenomena (which is not difficult), then it appears the DD.
What exactly happens in the foot of a cow for example, forced to stay for several hours a day in a dirty ground, filled with feces, very wet and maybe even with a mild climate? The first thing that comes to mind: skin maceration. To put it more scientifically superficial keratin layer (the one that defends the body from all that lies outside of it) is fissure, opening the doors at the entrance of microorganisms in depth, the local pH is altered, physical barriers and chemical properties of the skin are not. Across the
rich soil moisture and nutrient content in the stool for bacteria becomes a kind of health club, a real spa. They multiply and prosper, while the feet of cows continue to marinate in the same environment. Now you're done and bacteria have the maximum benefit to make the leap: to live and joy on the feet of cows, finally causing the real DD.
How does the DD to infect more animals? First of all infected animals are exposed to the same environmental conditions, then the same factors that have an ill foot, there are very present and ready to make another ill. But it's not just that. Indeed, when DD hit a cow, this same animal becomes an "incubator" for other living bacteria. Namely the presence of a sick animal in itself increases the bacterial load of the soil and therefore increases the likelihood that other animals get sick. More animals get sick, most bacteria are killed (or deposited) in the soil. It then enters a loop self-amplification of the phenomenon.
not just one factor to blow up the DD in the herd: it takes a dirty ground, wet and possibly warm temperature. In particular, in this regard, I have noticed that the best time to see DD in a frightening upsurge of breeding "led" to this disease, both in September and October, when the temperature is not very high but begins to rain. In general, the DD is more likely during periods of little sunshine, possibly characterized by low temperatures and high humidity (as in certain Lombard weeks of winter rain, snow, fog), rather than during the summer for example, when paddoc sono così asciutti da sembrare in terra battuta.
Per quanto riguarda la componente animale, devo dare per assodati tutti quei bei discorsi triti e ritriti circa il fatto che questa malattia, come tutte le malattie, si innesca meglio quando il sistema immunitario è un po' incerto (stress, cattiva alimentazione, ecc.). Tuttavia, a parte questi soliti e ben noti concetti, volevo aggiungere un' osservazione personale. Recentemente sono stato in una stalla con una mandria di circa 60 vacche in produzione di cui 55 erano brune e 5 erano frisone. In questa stalla venivano effettuati sporadicamente i lavaggi podali. Allora: delle 55 bovine di razza bruna soltanto 3 (circa il 5%) avevano una leggera forma di DD. Delle 5 frisone invece, tutte had the DD into a medium or severe. E 'then the Friesian breed more exposed to DD for some genetic characteristic? And 'maybe the brown race, with great hardiness than the Frisian, by its nature to be resistant to DD? One of two things, or maybe both.
However, genetic or not, stress or not ... if you are with your feet all day in a wet mud filled with feces, DD maybe you are well with you.
What happens to cattle suffering from foot DD? We said that initially it is a colonization by various bacteria on the skin more or less macerated and fissured foot. The first thing evident is that the disease is quite painful and causes lameness.
When the lesions are extensive and present for a long time, you can achieve real changes in the shape of the foot and legs.
Sometimes also, when the location is at the front of the foot, dermatitis can seep under the nail resulting in widespread injury, very painful and very difficult to heal.
At these levels the DD is not only "digital", it can affect the whole skin of the foot, including unghielli. The highest
locations, where instead the rest of the foot is healthy enough, are probably due to the fact that water does not reach the tanks to disinfect the area. There is one thing that
I am interested to put your attention. A 'personal observation, however, which until now have not been reflected on any publication. I believe that dermatitis often go to infect lesions such as ulcers and white line disease (sobbattiture) delay or prevent healing. I say this for two reasons. The first is that I have noticed in recent years make it more difficult to heal lesions in stable but relatively clean with a lot of dermatitis than dirtier stalls but were adequate prophylaxis (the bathrooms were routinely podal). Secondly, for the similarity of the lesions in the skin than on live, as well as the fact that often are simultaneously present on the foot ill. This observation is not just an abstract academic disquisition but also has some interesting practical implications. In fact, in these cases applied a bandage to keep in contact with the wound an antibiotic or a disinfectant for several days (3 or 4 days, not weeks!) Helps to heal the injury. Let us remember that "the infection is the main antagonist of the healing of a wound." The principles I use are the same ones that can be used for wound dermatitis tout cort. The
specific treatment of individual cows with antibiotics applied locally is certainly important in the most serious or most difficult to heal. However, view that the explosion may have the DD in the herd, the key to solving the problem is general treatment of all animals . This treatment generally, once the phenomenon of DD in the stall has been resolved or at least content, then became prevention: a routine measure that will have just a little to do with DD. I'm talking about bathrooms podal.
Unfortunately, the confusion about this practice by the Guinness Book of Records for this and I'll try to fix some points.
1) The active baths podal The formalin has always been the first choice because not only is able to prevent the spread of disease but is able to treat injuries already joining this a very affordable price. The problem is that not only is very irritating but also carcinogenic and therefore should be handled with extreme care and only reserved for those who have post-milking in the tank away from the gate to prevent the vapors rising from the feet of cows or may be pushed into the dining-drafts can be harmful to the staff of milking. As for the dilution that is where the errors are concentrated. The corrected concentration is 2% in grams of product on a liter. The solutions are on the market are 24% and then to obtain the appropriate concentration in our tank we have to dilute it 1 / 10 or 1 every 10 liters of product water (10 liters of formalin solution in 100 of water). But I must point out that the formalin allows a few errors: decreasing the concentration quickly loses its effectiveness as well as increasing it too much (twice) there is a risk of burns (though it would be more accurate to say caustic). It is essential therefore to know the exact capacity of the tank (often calculated with an eye to gross errors). This can be determined by taking measurements using baskets or filling of 20/25 liters. A consideration of the tanks it is better to make the permanent structures of concrete curbs maybe two in a necessary step so that the animals become accustomed to their presence, rather those who use removable media. Cows often perceive them as foreign elements and being "cows" do not go there even killing. Often I stop in front of or attempt to jump, slowing down the milking or risk of injury. Regarding the measures the ideal length of the pool should allow the animal to make two steps in the solution (this unfortunately never realized) and should have a height which also cover unghielli.
With regard to the frequency with which to bathe, it also depends from case to case depending on the extent of the problem. An aggressive approach in the presence of so many sick animals can be of two consecutive days of treatment (4 steps milked in the case of 2) by substituting the appropriate disinfectant after the first 2 steps. One approach to maintenance can go down to one day a week or less depending on the response of animals and the climate. It is also to keep in mind that the effectiveness of formalin is affected by temperature: below 15 ° C rapidly lose effectiveness, making it difficult to use in winter.
The copper sulphate on the other hand is not sensitive to temperature but should be used in quantities exceeding (5-7Kg/100litri) and the disinfectant solution should be left almost always renewed, however, every other day. It is also much less effective as more active in the prevention of infection rather than in the care of sick animals. These considerations together with the very high cost of the product limit their use.
Recently, some stalls that I frequent have started using sodium hypochlorite (bleach ). With a solution of 10-15 liters per ton of water for 2 days a week, renewing the solution after two steps have obtained encouraging results although it must be said that they came from a situation with a few sick animals. The interesting thing is certainly very low cost product that combined with its low toxicity makes it easy and inexpensive to use.
There are also many products on the market whose main drawback is the cost higher or lower as farmers never fail to remember. I often hear farmers complaining that the product works a little but when I investigate how they use it to save it I find that using half the dose for half the time required by the instructions. In this case, ensure that throw your money because the product you paid for the work you did not get the results (my grandmother used to say "horns and bat!").
Also on prevention advice to those who always buy new animals to pass them off the foot-washing before placing in the group. Do not forget that we are talking about an infectious disease and as such can be introduced by carrier animals in the barn. I happened Farmers often feel that I wondered how they did it to infect the barn and talking about it turned out that just before the start of the problem had bought animals. Or as the introduction of new leaders there had been an aggravation of the problem (probably because dell'intoduzione of different bacterial strains).
2) therapy on the individual animal . Since
dermatitis superficial disease does not require injections of antibiotics, but responds very well to local therapy. The lesion should be cleaned well, better if rubbed vigorously with a piece of jute bandage clean before (watch out for kicks) so as to expose the diseased area . Normally the blue spray is fine. I prefer spraiare the area two or three times, leaving the product dry in a few seconds passed and the other in order to separate. Set fire to the spray for a few seconds (by closing the can!) Has the sole effect of reducing the drying time but has no therapeutic effect. Do not forget that bacteria are the skin and kill them with heat would burn the animal, thus creating greater damage dermatitis itself. In cases of very large or stubborn I got excellent results with a light dressing to leave at 2 or 3 days. The purpose of the bandage is in fact to keep in contact with the wound disinfectant for longer. The active ingredients that I use are the antibiotic powder and the recently iodoform powder. Both with excellent results (up to 100% of healing) although I find it more convenient to iodoform. It is not an antibiotic so I have no problems with withdrawal periods and is traded freely without prescription. Do not know about you but I got better I'm less paperwork.
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